ARF Family
Auxin response factors or ARFs are a recently discovered family of transcription factors that bind with specificity to auxin response elements (AuxREs) in promoters of primary or early auxin-responsive genes
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| Indica ID | Indica UniProt ID | Closest RAP Japonica ID | Qtaro trait | Japonica UniProt ID | Japonica UniProt Function | Japonica OryzaBase Trait | Closest A. thal TAIR ID | A. thaliana function | A. thaliana germplasm phenotype |
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| BGIOSGA003093, Ensembl plants | B8AB34 | Os01t0236300-02 | N/A | Other GO:0009734 - auxin mediated signaling pathway, GO:0005634 - nucleus, GO:0003677 - DNA binding, GO:0006350 - transcription, GO:0006355 - regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent | AT1G59750.1 | Encodes a member of the auxin response factor family. ARFs bind to the cis element 5'-TGTCTC-3' ARFs mediate changes in gene expression in response to auxin. ARF's form heterodimers with IAA/AUX genes. ARF1 enhances mutant phenotypes of ARF2 and may act with ARF2 to control aspects of maturation and senescence.ARF1:LUC and 3xHA:ARF1 proteins have a half-life of ~3-4 hours and their degradation is reduced by proteasome inhibitors. 3xHA:ARF1 degradation is not affected by a pre-treatment with IAA. A nuclear-targeted fusion protein containing the middle region of ARF1 linked to LUC:NLS has a similar half-life to the full-length ARF1:LUC construct. The degradation of 3xHA:ARF1 is not affected in an axr6-3 mutant grown at room temperature, although the degradation of AXR2/IAA7 is slowed under these conditions. | no obvious auxin-related growth phenotype arf1-3 arf2-6 double mutant; similar but much stronger phenotype than arf2 single mutants; homozygous double mutant is sterile; large leaves; long, thick and wavy inflorescence stem; abnormal flower morpholoy; delayed flowering; delayed senescence. | ||
| BGIOSGA001046, Ensembl plants | B8A784 | Os01t0670800-02 | awn development | Q0JKI9 | FUNCTION: Auxin response factors (ARFs) are transcriptional factors that bind specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-TGTCTC-3' found in the auxin-responsive promoter elements (AuxREs). | Vegetative organ - Leaf, Vegetative organ - Culm, Reproductive organ - Spikelet, flower, glume, awn, Other GO:0003677 - DNA binding, GO:0006355 - regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent, GO:0006350 - transcription, GO:0005634 - nucleus, GO:0009734 - auxin mediated signaling pathway TO:0000207 - plant height, TO:0000655 - leaf development trait, TO:0002718 - awn anatomy and morphology trait | AT2G33860.1 | ettin (ett) mutations have pleiotropic effects on Arabidopsis flower development, causing increases in perianth organ number, decreases in stamen number and anther formation, and apical-basal patterning defects in the gynoecium. The ETTIN gene encodes a protein with homology to DNA binding proteins which bind to auxin response elements. ETT transcript is expressed throughout stage 1 floral meristems and subsequently resolves to a complex pattern within petal, stamen and carpel primordia. ETT probably functions to impart regional identity in floral meristems that affects perianth organ number spacing, stamen formation, and regional differentiation in stamens and the gynoecium. During stage 5, ETT expression appears in a ring at the top of the floral meristem before morphological appearance of the gynoecium, consistent with the proposal that ETT is involved in prepatterning apical and basal boundaries in the gynoecium primordium. It is a target of the ta-siRNA tasiR-ARF. ETT is also a target of AP2; integrateing the functions of AGAMOUS and APETALA2 in floral meristem determinacy. | Unusual gynoecium and floral patterning defects, including an increased number of sepals and carpels. very strong allele;homozygotes have flowers with 1-2 extra sepals and petals, 1 less medial stamen and a gynoecium with altered shape and anatomy; locule number on medial stamen is often reduced; gynoecium has a reduced ovary which is covered abaxially by style transmitting tract apically, and style epidermal tissue basally; it appears as if the top of the gynoecium has been pulled down over the surface of the ovary, and the bottom of the gynoecium has been pulled up, creating an elongated internode-like basal stalk; ovule density is not affected but placentae are shortened; ovules appear sterile due to failure of integument growth around egg sac which protrudes out of the ovule tip and appears to lack the full compliment of 8 nuclei; pollen is fertile weak allele; homozygotes have flowers with 1-2 extra sepals and petals, 1 less medial stamen and a gynoecium with altered shape and anatomy; locule number on medial stamen is often reduced; gynoecium has a slightly reduced ovary, with a small basal internode, and the basalization of the adaxial style tissue only on the medial sides of the gynoecium; almost fully female fertile intermediate allele; homozygote has flowers with 1-2 extra sepals and petals, 1 less medial stamen and a gynoecium with altered shape and anatomy; locule number on medial stamen is often reduced; gynoecium has a reduced ovary which is covered abaxially by style transmitting tract apically, and style epidermal tissue basally; it appears as if the top of the gynoecium has been pulled down over the surface of the ovary, and the bottom of the gynoecium has been pulled up, creating an elongated internode-like basal stalk; ovule density is not affected but placentae are shortened; ovules appear sterile due to failure of integument growth around egg sac which protrudes out of the ovule tip and appears to lack the full compliment of 8 nuclei; pollen is fertile. Short internodes, abnormal phyllotaxy, misshapen floral organs, variable floral organ numbers, gynoecium lacks valve tissue, , abnormally positioned ovules. Resembles kanadi homozygous mutants. The gynoecia of double mutants showed severe reduction of the ovary and morphological abnormalities in the apical region that were similar to ett strong allele mutant phenotypes. Occasionally, inflorescences of the double mutant failed to produce any normal flower buds, resulting in pin-like structures that were not found in either stv1 or ett single mutants. Pin-like inflorescences are formed in mp, pid, and pin1 mutants and in wild-type plants treated with polar auxin transport inhibitors. The gynoecial defects of ett-1 mutants, such as reduction in ovary size and increased gynophore elongation, were enhanced by the sty1-1 mutation. A number of double mutant gynoecia were nearly completely valveless, and in those, ovules grew on top of a placental surface. In addition, the apical ends of sty1-1 ett-1 gynoecia were less fused than those of ett-1 and sty1-1, and ovules frequently protruded at the apex. The amount of stylar and stigmatic tissues was reduced compared with ett-1, and the double mutant was sterile. As in ett-1 gynoecia, ectopic tissue of transmitting tract identity was generally present. |
| BGIOSGA000812, Ensembl plants | B8A9U3 | Os01t0753500-01 | N/A | Q5JMM1 | FUNCTION: Auxin response factors (ARFs) are transcriptional factors that bind specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-TGTCTC-3' found in the auxin-responsive promoter elements (AuxREs). | Other GO:0005634 - nucleus, GO:0009734 - auxin mediated signaling pathway, GO:0006355 - regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent, GO:0003677 - DNA binding, GO:0006350 - transcription | AT2G33860.1 | ettin (ett) mutations have pleiotropic effects on Arabidopsis flower development, causing increases in perianth organ number, decreases in stamen number and anther formation, and apical-basal patterning defects in the gynoecium. The ETTIN gene encodes a protein with homology to DNA binding proteins which bind to auxin response elements. ETT transcript is expressed throughout stage 1 floral meristems and subsequently resolves to a complex pattern within petal, stamen and carpel primordia. ETT probably functions to impart regional identity in floral meristems that affects perianth organ number spacing, stamen formation, and regional differentiation in stamens and the gynoecium. During stage 5, ETT expression appears in a ring at the top of the floral meristem before morphological appearance of the gynoecium, consistent with the proposal that ETT is involved in prepatterning apical and basal boundaries in the gynoecium primordium. It is a target of the ta-siRNA tasiR-ARF. ETT is also a target of AP2; integrateing the functions of AGAMOUS and APETALA2 in floral meristem determinacy. | Unusual gynoecium and floral patterning defects, including an increased number of sepals and carpels. very strong allele;homozygotes have flowers with 1-2 extra sepals and petals, 1 less medial stamen and a gynoecium with altered shape and anatomy; locule number on medial stamen is often reduced; gynoecium has a reduced ovary which is covered abaxially by style transmitting tract apically, and style epidermal tissue basally; it appears as if the top of the gynoecium has been pulled down over the surface of the ovary, and the bottom of the gynoecium has been pulled up, creating an elongated internode-like basal stalk; ovule density is not affected but placentae are shortened; ovules appear sterile due to failure of integument growth around egg sac which protrudes out of the ovule tip and appears to lack the full compliment of 8 nuclei; pollen is fertile weak allele; homozygotes have flowers with 1-2 extra sepals and petals, 1 less medial stamen and a gynoecium with altered shape and anatomy; locule number on medial stamen is often reduced; gynoecium has a slightly reduced ovary, with a small basal internode, and the basalization of the adaxial style tissue only on the medial sides of the gynoecium; almost fully female fertile intermediate allele; homozygote has flowers with 1-2 extra sepals and petals, 1 less medial stamen and a gynoecium with altered shape and anatomy; locule number on medial stamen is often reduced; gynoecium has a reduced ovary which is covered abaxially by style transmitting tract apically, and style epidermal tissue basally; it appears as if the top of the gynoecium has been pulled down over the surface of the ovary, and the bottom of the gynoecium has been pulled up, creating an elongated internode-like basal stalk; ovule density is not affected but placentae are shortened; ovules appear sterile due to failure of integument growth around egg sac which protrudes out of the ovule tip and appears to lack the full compliment of 8 nuclei; pollen is fertile. Short internodes, abnormal phyllotaxy, misshapen floral organs, variable floral organ numbers, gynoecium lacks valve tissue, , abnormally positioned ovules. Resembles kanadi homozygous mutants. The gynoecia of double mutants showed severe reduction of the ovary and morphological abnormalities in the apical region that were similar to ett strong allele mutant phenotypes. Occasionally, inflorescences of the double mutant failed to produce any normal flower buds, resulting in pin-like structures that were not found in either stv1 or ett single mutants. Pin-like inflorescences are formed in mp, pid, and pin1 mutants and in wild-type plants treated with polar auxin transport inhibitors. The gynoecial defects of ett-1 mutants, such as reduction in ovary size and increased gynophore elongation, were enhanced by the sty1-1 mutation. A number of double mutant gynoecia were nearly completely valveless, and in those, ovules grew on top of a placental surface. In addition, the apical ends of sty1-1 ett-1 gynoecia were less fused than those of ett-1 and sty1-1, and ovules frequently protruded at the apex. The amount of stylar and stigmatic tissues was reduced compared with ett-1, and the double mutant was sterile. As in ett-1 gynoecia, ectopic tissue of transmitting tract identity was generally present. |
| BGIOSGA005099, Ensembl plants | B8A8I4 | Os01t0927600-01 | N/A | Q5JK20 | FUNCTION: Auxin response factors (ARFs) are transcriptional factors that bind specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-TGTCTC-3' found in the auxin-responsive promoter elements (AuxREs). | Other GO:0006355 - regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent, GO:0006350 - transcription, GO:0005634 - nucleus, GO:0003677 - DNA binding, GO:0009734 - auxin mediated signaling pathway | AT5G62000.1 | Encodes an auxin response factor. Mutants have many defects including enlarged rosette leaves, reduced fertility, later senescence, hypocotyl elongation defects, enlarged seeds and enlarged cotyledons. May not mediate auxin effects. Increase in seed size due to increased cell proliferation. The mRNA is cell-to-cell mobile. | Elongated hypocotyl, dark green leaves, long and thick inflorescence stems, delayed senescence, elongated gynoecium and sepals, reduced fertility, defective anthesis, delayed abscission, larger seeds. pleiotropic phenotype: large leaves; long, thick and wavy inflorescence stem; abnormal flower morphology; delayed flowering; delayed senescence. pleiotropic phenotype: large leaves; long, thick and wavy inflorescence stem; abnormal flower morphology; delayed flowering; delayed senescence. Elongated hypocotyl, dark green leaves, long and thick inflorescence stems, delayed senescence, elongated gynoecium and sepals, reduced fertility, defective anthesis, delayed abscission, larger seeds. pleiotropic phenotype: large leaves; long, thick and wavy inflorescence stem; abnormal flower morphology; delayed flowering; delayed senescence. arf1-3 arf2-6 double mutant; similar but much stronger phenotype than arf2 single mutants; homozygous double mutant is sterile; large leaves; long, thick and wavy inflorescence stem; abnormal flower morpholoy; delayed flowering; delayed senescence. Delayed flowering, delayed senescence, delayed fruit dehiscence, reduced fertility, short stamens, elongated carpels. Increased seed size due to proliferation of cell division in inner and outer integuments. Pleiotropic effects include thick twisted stems, late flowering, and reduced fertility. |
| BGIOSGA007153, Ensembl plants | B8AHF1 | Os02t0141100-00 | N/A | A0A0P0VEL8 | FUNCTION: Auxin response factors (ARFs) are transcriptional factors that bind specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-TGTCTC-3' found in the auxin-responsive promoter elements (AuxREs). {ECO:0000256|RuleBase:RU004561}. | Other GO:0003677 - DNA binding, GO:0005634 - nucleus, GO:0006350 - transcription, GO:0006355 - regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent, GO:0009734 - auxin mediated signaling pathway | AT1G19220.1 | Encodes an auxin response factor that contains the conserved VP1-B3 DNA-binding domain at its N-terminus and the Aux/IAA-like domains III and IV present in most ARFs at its C-terminus. The protein interacts with IAA1 (yeast two hybrid) and other auxin response elements such as ER7 and ER9 (yeast one hybrid). ARF19 protein can complement many aspects of the arf7 mutant phenotype and , together with ARF7, is involved in the response to ethylene. In the arf7 arf19 double mutant, several auxin-responsive genes (e.g. IAA5, LBD16, LBD29 and LBD33) are no longer upregulated by auxin. | The primary roots of the mutant produce as many lateral roots as the wild type. When seedlings are grown vertically under dark conditions, the mutant has a normal gravitropic response. no obvious auxin-related growth phenotype, but roots show mild auxin resistance no obvious auxin-related growth phenotype, but roots show mild auxin resistance The double mutant exhibits much stronger auxin-related phenotypes than those of the single mutants. Adult double mutant plants have thin and short inflorescence stems, and their rosette leaves are small and epinastic. In addition, it has reduced numbers of inflorescence stems, suggesting enhanced apical dominance. By contrast, its flowers appear to be normal, and they fertilize normally. The double mutant mutant displays agravitropic responses in both hypocotyls and roots. When seedlings are grown vertically under dark conditions, the regulation of growth orientation is disrupted in both hypocotyls and roots, with the hypocotyls occasionally growing downward and the roots upward. Also, the roots and hypocotyls of the double mutant show reduced gravitropic curvatures compared with the wild type when vertically dark-grown seedlings are reoriented by 90°. The phenotype of the double mutant is most obvious at its seedling stage, with its most prominent phenotype being severely impaired lateral root formation. Its primary roots fail to produce lateral roots in 2-week-old seedlings. However, double mutant seedlings start to generate several lateral roots after ~2 weeks of growth, and their morphological appearance is normal. The phototropic response toward blue light in hypocotyls of double mutant seedlings is disrupted. nph4-1 arf19 double mutant; agravitropic response in both hypocotyls and roots; impaired phototropic response in hypocotyls; impaired lateral root formation; small plant size; small and epinastic rosette leaves; reduced auxin sensitivity The double mutant exhibits much stronger auxin-related phenotypes than those of the single mutants. Adult double mutant plants have thin and short inflorescence stems, and their rosette leaves are small and epinastic. In addition, it has reduced numbers of inflorescence stems, suggesting enhanced apical dominance. By contrast, its flowers appear to be normal, and they fertilize normally. The double mutant mutant displays agravitropic responses in both hypocotyls and roots. When seedlings are grown vertically under dark conditions, the regulation of growth orientation is disrupted in both hypocotyls and roots, with the hypocotyls occasionally growing downward and the roots upward. Also, the roots and hypocotyls of the double mutant show reduced gravitropic curvatures compared with the wild type when vertically dark-grown seedlings are reoriented by 90°. The phenotype of the double mutant is most obvious at its seedling stage, with its most prominent phenotype being severely impaired lateral root formation. Its primary roots fail to produce lateral roots in 2-week-old seedlings. However, double mutant seedlings start to generate several lateral roots after ~2 weeks of growth, and their morphological appearance is normal. The phototropic response toward blue light in hypocotyls of double mutant seedlings is disrupted. nph4-1 arf19 double mutant; agravitropic response in both hypocotyls and roots; impaired phototropic response in hypocotyls; impaired lateral root formation; small plant size; small and epinastic rosette leaves; reduced auxin sensitivity The double mutant exhibits much stronger auxin-related phenotypes than those of the single mutants. Adult double mutant plants have thin and short inflorescence stems, and their rosette leaves are small and epinastic. In addition, it has reduced numbers of inflorescence stems, suggesting enhanced apical dominance. By contrast, its flowers appear to be normal, and they fertilize normally. The double mutant mutant displays agravitropic responses in both hypocotyls and roots. When seedlings are grown vertically under dark conditions, the regulation of growth orientation is disrupted in both hypocotyls and roots, with the hypocotyls occasionally growing downward and the roots upward. Also, the roots and hypocotyls of the double mutant show reduced gravitropic curvatures compared with the wild type when vertically dark-grown seedlings are reoriented by 90°. The phenotype of the double mutant is most obvious at its seedling stage, with its most prominent phenotype being severely impaired lateral root formation. Its primary roots fail to produce lateral roots in 2-week-old seedlings. However, double mutant seedlings start to generate several lateral roots after ~2 weeks of growth, and their morphological appearance is normal. The phototropic response toward blue light in hypocotyls of double mutant seedlings is disrupted. msg1-2 arf19 double mutant; agravitropic response in both hypocotyls and roots; impaired phototropic response in hypocotyls; impaired lateral root formation; small plant size; small and epinastic rosette leaves; reduced auxin sensitivity The double mutant exhibits much stronger auxin-related phenotypes than those of the single mutants. Adult double mutant plants have thin and short inflorescence stems, and their rosette leaves are small and epinastic. In addition, it has reduced numbers of inflorescence stems, suggesting enhanced apical dominance. By contrast, its flowers appear to be normal, and they fertilize normally. The double mutant mutant displays agravitropic responses in both hypocotyls and roots. When seedlings are grown vertically under dark conditions, the regulation of growth orientation is disrupted in both hypocotyls and roots, with the hypocotyls occasionally growing downward and the roots upward. Also, the roots and hypocotyls of the double mutant show reduced gravitropic curvatures compared with the wild type when vertically dark-grown seedlings are reoriented by 90°. The phenotype of the double mutant is most obvious at its seedling stage, with its most prominent phenotype being severely impaired lateral root formation. Its primary roots fail to produce lateral roots in 2-week-old seedlings. However, double mutant seedlings start to generate several lateral roots after ~2 weeks of growth, and their morphological appearance is normal. The phototropic response toward blue light in hypocotyls of double mutant seedlings is disrupted. msg1-2 arf19 double mutant; agravitropic response in both hypocotyls and roots; impaired phototropic response in hypocotyls; impaired lateral root formation; small plant size; small and epinastic rosette leaves; reduced auxin sensitivity The double mutant exhibits much stronger auxin-related phenotypes than those of the single mutants. Adult double mutant plants have thin and short inflorescence stems, and their rosette leaves are small and epinastic. In addition, it has reduced numbers of inflorescence stems, suggesting enhanced apical dominance. By contrast, its flowers appear to be normal, and they fertilize normally. The double mutant mutant displays agravitropic responses in both hypocotyls and roots. When seedlings are grown vertically under dark conditions, the regulation of growth orientation is disrupted in both hypocotyls and roots, with the hypocotyls occasionally growing downward and the roots upward. Also, the roots and hypocotyls of the double mutant show reduced gravitropic curvatures compared with the wild type when vertically dark-grown seedlings are reoriented by 90°. The phenotype of the double mutant is most obvious at its seedling stage, with its most prominent phenotype being severely impaired lateral root formation. Its primary roots fail to produce lateral roots in 2-week-old seedlings. However, double mutant seedlings start to generate several lateral roots after ~2 weeks of growth, and their morphological appearance is normal. The phototropic response toward blue light in hypocotyls of double mutant seedlings is disrupted. arf7-1 arf19 double mutant; agravitropic response in both hypocotyls and roots; impaired phototropic response in hypocotyls; impaired lateral root formation; small plant size; small and epinastic rosette leaves; reduced auxin sensitivity The double mutant exhibits much stronger auxin-related phenotypes than those of the single mutants. Adult double mutant plants have thin and short inflorescence stems, and their rosette leaves are small and epinastic. In addition, it has reduced numbers of inflorescence stems, suggesting enhanced apical dominance. By contrast, its flowers appear to be normal, and they fertilize normally. The double mutant mutant displays agravitropic responses in both hypocotyls and roots. When seedlings are grown vertically under dark conditions, the regulation of growth orientation is disrupted in both hypocotyls and roots, with the hypocotyls occasionally growing downward and the roots upward. Also, the roots and hypocotyls of the double mutant show reduced gravitropic curvatures compared with the wild type when vertically dark-grown seedlings are reoriented by 90°. The phenotype of the double mutant is most obvious at its seedling stage, with its most prominent phenotype being severely impaired lateral root formation. Its primary roots fail to produce lateral roots in 2-week-old seedlings. However, double mutant seedlings start to generate several lateral roots after ~2 weeks of growth, and their morphological appearance is normal. The phototropic response toward blue light in hypocotyls of double mutant seedlings is disrupted. arf7-1 arf19 double mutant; agravitropic response in both hypocotyls and roots; impaired phototropic response in hypocotyls; impaired lateral root formation; small plant size; small and epinastic rosette leaves; reduced auxin sensitivity Long hypocotyl and elongated primary roots when germinated and grown on MS with sirtinol in darkness. Auxin resistant in both light and dark. Roots are less sensitive to the ethylene precursor ACC than wt roots. Dark grown seedlings on sirtinol have both long primary roots and long hypocotyls. More resistant to 2,4-D and IAA than single mutants in both light and dark. The ethylene resistant root phenotype of arf19-101 is enhanced by arf7-201. |
| BGIOSGA007604, Ensembl plants | A2X1A1 | Os02t0164900-02 | N/A | Other GO:0009908 - flower development, GO:0005634 - nucleus, GO:0006355 - regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent, GO:0006350 - transcription, GO:0003677 - DNA binding, GO:0009734 - auxin mediated signaling pathway | AT5G37020.1 | Encodes a member of the auxin response factor family. Mediates auxin response via expression of auxin regulated genes. Acts redundantly with ARF6 to control stamen elongation and flower maturation. Expression of ARF8 is controlled by miR167. | no obvious auxin-related growth phenotype arf6 arf8double mutant; dwarfed aerial tissue, severe flower defects in flower development; homozygous double mutant is sterile. Twisted leaves, reduced fertility, short stamens,dwarf stature, closed flower buds (no anthesis), anthers do not dehisce, short stems. Long hypocotyl Short stamens, reduced fertility. arf8-4 mutation results in the uncoupling of fruit development from pollination and fertilization and gives rise to seedless (parthenocarpic) fruit. | ||
| BGIOSGA008429, Ensembl plants | B8ADX3 | Os02t0557200-01 | N/A | Q6YVY0 | FUNCTION: Auxin response factors (ARFs) are transcriptional factors that bind specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-TGTCTC-3' found in the auxin-responsive promoter elements (AuxREs). | Other GO:0003677 - DNA binding, GO:0006350 - transcription, GO:0009734 - auxin mediated signaling pathway, GO:0006355 - regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent, GO:0010150 - leaf senescence, GO:0005634 - nucleus | AT1G59750.1 | Encodes a member of the auxin response factor family. ARFs bind to the cis element 5'-TGTCTC-3' ARFs mediate changes in gene expression in response to auxin. ARF's form heterodimers with IAA/AUX genes. ARF1 enhances mutant phenotypes of ARF2 and may act with ARF2 to control aspects of maturation and senescence.ARF1:LUC and 3xHA:ARF1 proteins have a half-life of ~3-4 hours and their degradation is reduced by proteasome inhibitors. 3xHA:ARF1 degradation is not affected by a pre-treatment with IAA. A nuclear-targeted fusion protein containing the middle region of ARF1 linked to LUC:NLS has a similar half-life to the full-length ARF1:LUC construct. The degradation of 3xHA:ARF1 is not affected in an axr6-3 mutant grown at room temperature, although the degradation of AXR2/IAA7 is slowed under these conditions. | no obvious auxin-related growth phenotype arf1-3 arf2-6 double mutant; similar but much stronger phenotype than arf2 single mutants; homozygous double mutant is sterile; large leaves; long, thick and wavy inflorescence stem; abnormal flower morpholoy; delayed flowering; delayed senescence. |
| BGIOSGA008657, Ensembl plants | B8AFR0 | Os02t0628600-01 | N/A | Q6K223 | FUNCTION: Auxin response factors (ARFs) are transcriptional factors that bind specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-TGTCTC-3' found in the auxin-responsive promoter elements (AuxREs). | Other GO:0005634 - nucleus, GO:0009734 - auxin mediated signaling pathway, GO:0003677 - DNA binding, GO:0006355 - regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent, GO:0006350 - transcription | AT4G30080.1 | Involved in root cap cell differentiation. Gene expression is regulated by mir160.Located in the nucleus. | no obvious auxin-related growth phenotype |
| BGIOSGA016467, Ensembl plants | B8AUB5 | Os04t0442000-01 | N/A | Q0JCZ4 | FUNCTION: Auxin response factors (ARFs) are transcriptional factors that bind specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-TGTCTC-3' found in the auxin-responsive promoter elements (AuxREs). | Other GO:0003677 - DNA binding, GO:0005634 - nucleus, GO:0006350 - transcription, GO:0006355 - regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent, GO:0009734 - auxin mediated signaling pathway, GO:0010150 - leaf senescence | AT1G59750.1 | Encodes a member of the auxin response factor family. ARFs bind to the cis element 5'-TGTCTC-3' ARFs mediate changes in gene expression in response to auxin. ARF's form heterodimers with IAA/AUX genes. ARF1 enhances mutant phenotypes of ARF2 and may act with ARF2 to control aspects of maturation and senescence.ARF1:LUC and 3xHA:ARF1 proteins have a half-life of ~3-4 hours and their degradation is reduced by proteasome inhibitors. 3xHA:ARF1 degradation is not affected by a pre-treatment with IAA. A nuclear-targeted fusion protein containing the middle region of ARF1 linked to LUC:NLS has a similar half-life to the full-length ARF1:LUC construct. The degradation of 3xHA:ARF1 is not affected in an axr6-3 mutant grown at room temperature, although the degradation of AXR2/IAA7 is slowed under these conditions. | no obvious auxin-related growth phenotype arf1-3 arf2-6 double mutant; similar but much stronger phenotype than arf2 single mutants; homozygous double mutant is sterile; large leaves; long, thick and wavy inflorescence stem; abnormal flower morpholoy; delayed flowering; delayed senescence. |
| BGIOSGA016767, Ensembl plants | B8AS27 | N/A | N/A | AT4G30080.1 | Involved in root cap cell differentiation. Gene expression is regulated by mir160.Located in the nucleus. | no obvious auxin-related growth phenotype | |||
| BGIOSGA014158, Ensembl plants | Os04t0664400-01 | N/A | A0A0N7KJV7 | FUNCTION: Auxin response factors (ARFs) are transcriptional factors that bind specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-TGTCTC-3' found in the auxin-responsive promoter elements (AuxREs). {ECO:0000256|RuleBase:RU004561}. | Other GO:0009908 - flower development, GO:0016020 - membrane, GO:0048364 - root development, GO:0048507 - meristem development, GO:0010305 - leaf vascular tissue pattern formation, GO:0009942 - longitudinal axis specification, GO:0009734 - auxin mediated signaling pathway, GO:0006355 - regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent, GO:0006350 - transcription, GO:0005634 - nucleus, GO:0003677 - DNA binding | AT1G19850.1 | Encodes a transcription factor (IAA24) mediating embryo axis formation and vascular development. Similar to AUXIN RESPONSIVE FACTOR 1 (ARF1) shown to bind to auxin responsive elements (AREs), and to the maize transcriptional activator VIVIPAROUS 1( VP1). In situ hybridization shows expression in provascular tissue of embryos, the emerging shoot primordia, then is restricted to provascular tissue, and in the root central vascular cylinder. | fails to form root meristem and normal cotyledons basic body structures such as hypocotyl, radical and root meristem are missing; seedling essentially consists of an apical piece of axis, including the cotyledons and the shoot meristem; the number of cotyledons varies, from two to one with intermediate forms and different degrees of fusion; a variable proportion of seedlings lack a shoot meristem. | |
| BGIOSGA014036, Ensembl plants | A2XZ93 | Os04t0690600-01 | N/A | Q7XSS9 | FUNCTION: Auxin response factors (ARFs) are transcriptional factors that bind specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-TGTCTC-3' found in the auxin-responsive promoter elements (AuxREs). | Other GO:0006355 - regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent, GO:0006350 - transcription, GO:0005634 - nucleus, GO:0003677 - DNA binding, GO:0009734 - auxin mediated signaling pathway | AT1G77850.1 | Posttranscriptionally regulated by miR160 and is essential for proper development.Regulates early auxin response genes. | |
| BGIOSGA020357, Ensembl plants | B8AWQ8 | Os05t0563400-01 | N/A | Q8S985 | FUNCTION: Auxin response factors (ARFs) are transcriptional factors that bind specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-TGTCTC-3' found in the auxin-responsive promoter elements (AuxREs). | Vegetative organ - Leaf, Reproductive organ - Spikelet, flower, glume, awn, Other GO:0009734 - auxin mediated signaling pathway, GO:0005634 - nucleus, GO:0003677 - DNA binding, GO:0006355 - regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent, GO:0006350 - transcription TO:0000614 - lemma shape, TO:0000492 - leaf shape, TO:0000370 - leaf width | AT2G33860.1 | ettin (ett) mutations have pleiotropic effects on Arabidopsis flower development, causing increases in perianth organ number, decreases in stamen number and anther formation, and apical-basal patterning defects in the gynoecium. The ETTIN gene encodes a protein with homology to DNA binding proteins which bind to auxin response elements. ETT transcript is expressed throughout stage 1 floral meristems and subsequently resolves to a complex pattern within petal, stamen and carpel primordia. ETT probably functions to impart regional identity in floral meristems that affects perianth organ number spacing, stamen formation, and regional differentiation in stamens and the gynoecium. During stage 5, ETT expression appears in a ring at the top of the floral meristem before morphological appearance of the gynoecium, consistent with the proposal that ETT is involved in prepatterning apical and basal boundaries in the gynoecium primordium. It is a target of the ta-siRNA tasiR-ARF. ETT is also a target of AP2; integrateing the functions of AGAMOUS and APETALA2 in floral meristem determinacy. | Unusual gynoecium and floral patterning defects, including an increased number of sepals and carpels. very strong allele;homozygotes have flowers with 1-2 extra sepals and petals, 1 less medial stamen and a gynoecium with altered shape and anatomy; locule number on medial stamen is often reduced; gynoecium has a reduced ovary which is covered abaxially by style transmitting tract apically, and style epidermal tissue basally; it appears as if the top of the gynoecium has been pulled down over the surface of the ovary, and the bottom of the gynoecium has been pulled up, creating an elongated internode-like basal stalk; ovule density is not affected but placentae are shortened; ovules appear sterile due to failure of integument growth around egg sac which protrudes out of the ovule tip and appears to lack the full compliment of 8 nuclei; pollen is fertile weak allele; homozygotes have flowers with 1-2 extra sepals and petals, 1 less medial stamen and a gynoecium with altered shape and anatomy; locule number on medial stamen is often reduced; gynoecium has a slightly reduced ovary, with a small basal internode, and the basalization of the adaxial style tissue only on the medial sides of the gynoecium; almost fully female fertile intermediate allele; homozygote has flowers with 1-2 extra sepals and petals, 1 less medial stamen and a gynoecium with altered shape and anatomy; locule number on medial stamen is often reduced; gynoecium has a reduced ovary which is covered abaxially by style transmitting tract apically, and style epidermal tissue basally; it appears as if the top of the gynoecium has been pulled down over the surface of the ovary, and the bottom of the gynoecium has been pulled up, creating an elongated internode-like basal stalk; ovule density is not affected but placentae are shortened; ovules appear sterile due to failure of integument growth around egg sac which protrudes out of the ovule tip and appears to lack the full compliment of 8 nuclei; pollen is fertile. Short internodes, abnormal phyllotaxy, misshapen floral organs, variable floral organ numbers, gynoecium lacks valve tissue, , abnormally positioned ovules. Resembles kanadi homozygous mutants. The gynoecia of double mutants showed severe reduction of the ovary and morphological abnormalities in the apical region that were similar to ett strong allele mutant phenotypes. Occasionally, inflorescences of the double mutant failed to produce any normal flower buds, resulting in pin-like structures that were not found in either stv1 or ett single mutants. Pin-like inflorescences are formed in mp, pid, and pin1 mutants and in wild-type plants treated with polar auxin transport inhibitors. The gynoecial defects of ett-1 mutants, such as reduction in ovary size and increased gynophore elongation, were enhanced by the sty1-1 mutation. A number of double mutant gynoecia were nearly completely valveless, and in those, ovules grew on top of a placental surface. In addition, the apical ends of sty1-1 ett-1 gynoecia were less fused than those of ett-1 and sty1-1, and ovules frequently protruded at the apex. The amount of stylar and stigmatic tissues was reduced compared with ett-1, and the double mutant was sterile. As in ett-1 gynoecia, ectopic tissue of transmitting tract identity was generally present. |
| BGIOSGA022468, Ensembl plants | A2YAA5 | Os06t0196700-02 | Auxin response in roots. Phosphate starvation tolerance. | A3B9A0 | FUNCTION: Auxin response factors (ARFs) are transcriptional factors that bind specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-TGTCTC-3' found in the auxin-responsive promoter elements (AuxREs). | Tolerance and resistance - Stress tolerance, Other GO:0006355 - regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent, GO:0006350 - transcription, GO:0005634 - nucleus, GO:0003677 - DNA binding, GO:0009734 - auxin mediated signaling pathway, GO:0009785 - blue light signaling pathway, GO:0048366 - leaf development, GO:0010386 - lateral root primordium development, GO:0009723 - response to ethylene stimulus, GO:0009638 - phototropism | AT1G19220.1 | Encodes an auxin response factor that contains the conserved VP1-B3 DNA-binding domain at its N-terminus and the Aux/IAA-like domains III and IV present in most ARFs at its C-terminus. The protein interacts with IAA1 (yeast two hybrid) and other auxin response elements such as ER7 and ER9 (yeast one hybrid). ARF19 protein can complement many aspects of the arf7 mutant phenotype and , together with ARF7, is involved in the response to ethylene. In the arf7 arf19 double mutant, several auxin-responsive genes (e.g. IAA5, LBD16, LBD29 and LBD33) are no longer upregulated by auxin. | The primary roots of the mutant produce as many lateral roots as the wild type. When seedlings are grown vertically under dark conditions, the mutant has a normal gravitropic response. no obvious auxin-related growth phenotype, but roots show mild auxin resistance no obvious auxin-related growth phenotype, but roots show mild auxin resistance The double mutant exhibits much stronger auxin-related phenotypes than those of the single mutants. Adult double mutant plants have thin and short inflorescence stems, and their rosette leaves are small and epinastic. In addition, it has reduced numbers of inflorescence stems, suggesting enhanced apical dominance. By contrast, its flowers appear to be normal, and they fertilize normally. The double mutant mutant displays agravitropic responses in both hypocotyls and roots. When seedlings are grown vertically under dark conditions, the regulation of growth orientation is disrupted in both hypocotyls and roots, with the hypocotyls occasionally growing downward and the roots upward. Also, the roots and hypocotyls of the double mutant show reduced gravitropic curvatures compared with the wild type when vertically dark-grown seedlings are reoriented by 90°. The phenotype of the double mutant is most obvious at its seedling stage, with its most prominent phenotype being severely impaired lateral root formation. Its primary roots fail to produce lateral roots in 2-week-old seedlings. However, double mutant seedlings start to generate several lateral roots after ~2 weeks of growth, and their morphological appearance is normal. The phototropic response toward blue light in hypocotyls of double mutant seedlings is disrupted. nph4-1 arf19 double mutant; agravitropic response in both hypocotyls and roots; impaired phototropic response in hypocotyls; impaired lateral root formation; small plant size; small and epinastic rosette leaves; reduced auxin sensitivity The double mutant exhibits much stronger auxin-related phenotypes than those of the single mutants. Adult double mutant plants have thin and short inflorescence stems, and their rosette leaves are small and epinastic. In addition, it has reduced numbers of inflorescence stems, suggesting enhanced apical dominance. By contrast, its flowers appear to be normal, and they fertilize normally. The double mutant mutant displays agravitropic responses in both hypocotyls and roots. When seedlings are grown vertically under dark conditions, the regulation of growth orientation is disrupted in both hypocotyls and roots, with the hypocotyls occasionally growing downward and the roots upward. Also, the roots and hypocotyls of the double mutant show reduced gravitropic curvatures compared with the wild type when vertically dark-grown seedlings are reoriented by 90°. The phenotype of the double mutant is most obvious at its seedling stage, with its most prominent phenotype being severely impaired lateral root formation. Its primary roots fail to produce lateral roots in 2-week-old seedlings. However, double mutant seedlings start to generate several lateral roots after ~2 weeks of growth, and their morphological appearance is normal. The phototropic response toward blue light in hypocotyls of double mutant seedlings is disrupted. nph4-1 arf19 double mutant; agravitropic response in both hypocotyls and roots; impaired phototropic response in hypocotyls; impaired lateral root formation; small plant size; small and epinastic rosette leaves; reduced auxin sensitivity The double mutant exhibits much stronger auxin-related phenotypes than those of the single mutants. Adult double mutant plants have thin and short inflorescence stems, and their rosette leaves are small and epinastic. In addition, it has reduced numbers of inflorescence stems, suggesting enhanced apical dominance. By contrast, its flowers appear to be normal, and they fertilize normally. The double mutant mutant displays agravitropic responses in both hypocotyls and roots. When seedlings are grown vertically under dark conditions, the regulation of growth orientation is disrupted in both hypocotyls and roots, with the hypocotyls occasionally growing downward and the roots upward. Also, the roots and hypocotyls of the double mutant show reduced gravitropic curvatures compared with the wild type when vertically dark-grown seedlings are reoriented by 90°. The phenotype of the double mutant is most obvious at its seedling stage, with its most prominent phenotype being severely impaired lateral root formation. Its primary roots fail to produce lateral roots in 2-week-old seedlings. However, double mutant seedlings start to generate several lateral roots after ~2 weeks of growth, and their morphological appearance is normal. The phototropic response toward blue light in hypocotyls of double mutant seedlings is disrupted. msg1-2 arf19 double mutant; agravitropic response in both hypocotyls and roots; impaired phototropic response in hypocotyls; impaired lateral root formation; small plant size; small and epinastic rosette leaves; reduced auxin sensitivity The double mutant exhibits much stronger auxin-related phenotypes than those of the single mutants. Adult double mutant plants have thin and short inflorescence stems, and their rosette leaves are small and epinastic. In addition, it has reduced numbers of inflorescence stems, suggesting enhanced apical dominance. By contrast, its flowers appear to be normal, and they fertilize normally. The double mutant mutant displays agravitropic responses in both hypocotyls and roots. When seedlings are grown vertically under dark conditions, the regulation of growth orientation is disrupted in both hypocotyls and roots, with the hypocotyls occasionally growing downward and the roots upward. Also, the roots and hypocotyls of the double mutant show reduced gravitropic curvatures compared with the wild type when vertically dark-grown seedlings are reoriented by 90°. The phenotype of the double mutant is most obvious at its seedling stage, with its most prominent phenotype being severely impaired lateral root formation. Its primary roots fail to produce lateral roots in 2-week-old seedlings. However, double mutant seedlings start to generate several lateral roots after ~2 weeks of growth, and their morphological appearance is normal. The phototropic response toward blue light in hypocotyls of double mutant seedlings is disrupted. msg1-2 arf19 double mutant; agravitropic response in both hypocotyls and roots; impaired phototropic response in hypocotyls; impaired lateral root formation; small plant size; small and epinastic rosette leaves; reduced auxin sensitivity The double mutant exhibits much stronger auxin-related phenotypes than those of the single mutants. Adult double mutant plants have thin and short inflorescence stems, and their rosette leaves are small and epinastic. In addition, it has reduced numbers of inflorescence stems, suggesting enhanced apical dominance. By contrast, its flowers appear to be normal, and they fertilize normally. The double mutant mutant displays agravitropic responses in both hypocotyls and roots. When seedlings are grown vertically under dark conditions, the regulation of growth orientation is disrupted in both hypocotyls and roots, with the hypocotyls occasionally growing downward and the roots upward. Also, the roots and hypocotyls of the double mutant show reduced gravitropic curvatures compared with the wild type when vertically dark-grown seedlings are reoriented by 90°. The phenotype of the double mutant is most obvious at its seedling stage, with its most prominent phenotype being severely impaired lateral root formation. Its primary roots fail to produce lateral roots in 2-week-old seedlings. However, double mutant seedlings start to generate several lateral roots after ~2 weeks of growth, and their morphological appearance is normal. The phototropic response toward blue light in hypocotyls of double mutant seedlings is disrupted. arf7-1 arf19 double mutant; agravitropic response in both hypocotyls and roots; impaired phototropic response in hypocotyls; impaired lateral root formation; small plant size; small and epinastic rosette leaves; reduced auxin sensitivity The double mutant exhibits much stronger auxin-related phenotypes than those of the single mutants. Adult double mutant plants have thin and short inflorescence stems, and their rosette leaves are small and epinastic. In addition, it has reduced numbers of inflorescence stems, suggesting enhanced apical dominance. By contrast, its flowers appear to be normal, and they fertilize normally. The double mutant mutant displays agravitropic responses in both hypocotyls and roots. When seedlings are grown vertically under dark conditions, the regulation of growth orientation is disrupted in both hypocotyls and roots, with the hypocotyls occasionally growing downward and the roots upward. Also, the roots and hypocotyls of the double mutant show reduced gravitropic curvatures compared with the wild type when vertically dark-grown seedlings are reoriented by 90°. The phenotype of the double mutant is most obvious at its seedling stage, with its most prominent phenotype being severely impaired lateral root formation. Its primary roots fail to produce lateral roots in 2-week-old seedlings. However, double mutant seedlings start to generate several lateral roots after ~2 weeks of growth, and their morphological appearance is normal. The phototropic response toward blue light in hypocotyls of double mutant seedlings is disrupted. arf7-1 arf19 double mutant; agravitropic response in both hypocotyls and roots; impaired phototropic response in hypocotyls; impaired lateral root formation; small plant size; small and epinastic rosette leaves; reduced auxin sensitivity Long hypocotyl and elongated primary roots when germinated and grown on MS with sirtinol in darkness. Auxin resistant in both light and dark. Roots are less sensitive to the ethylene precursor ACC than wt roots. Dark grown seedlings on sirtinol have both long primary roots and long hypocotyls. More resistant to 2,4-D and IAA than single mutants in both light and dark. The ethylene resistant root phenotype of arf19-101 is enhanced by arf7-201. |
| BGIOSGA020682, Ensembl plants | A2YG67 | Os06t0677800-01 | N/A | Q653U3 | FUNCTION: Auxin response factors (ARFs) are transcriptional factors that bind specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-TGTCTC-3' found in the auxin-responsive promoter elements (AuxREs). | Other GO:0009908 - flower development, GO:0006350 - transcription, GO:0006355 - regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent, GO:0003677 - DNA binding, GO:0009734 - auxin mediated signaling pathway, GO:0005634 - nucleus | AT1G30330.2 | Encodes a member of the auxin response factor family. Mediates auxin response via expression of auxin regulated genes. Acts redundantly with ARF8 to control stamen elongation and flower maturation. Expression of ARF6 is controlled by miR167. | no obvious auxin-related growth phenotype arf6 arf8double mutant; dwarfed aerial tissue, severe flower defects in flower development; homozygous double mutant is sterile. Short stamens, reduced fertility. Twisted leaves, reduced fertility, short stamens,dwarf stature, closed flower buds (no anthesis), anthers do not dehisce, short stems. |
| BGIOSGA023490, Ensembl plants | B8B1S2 | N/A | N/A | AT4G30080.1 | Involved in root cap cell differentiation. Gene expression is regulated by mir160.Located in the nucleus. | no obvious auxin-related growth phenotype | |||
| BGIOSGA023559, Ensembl plants | B8B257 | N/A | N/A | AT1G19220.1 | Encodes an auxin response factor that contains the conserved VP1-B3 DNA-binding domain at its N-terminus and the Aux/IAA-like domains III and IV present in most ARFs at its C-terminus. The protein interacts with IAA1 (yeast two hybrid) and other auxin response elements such as ER7 and ER9 (yeast one hybrid). ARF19 protein can complement many aspects of the arf7 mutant phenotype and , together with ARF7, is involved in the response to ethylene. In the arf7 arf19 double mutant, several auxin-responsive genes (e.g. IAA5, LBD16, LBD29 and LBD33) are no longer upregulated by auxin. | The primary roots of the mutant produce as many lateral roots as the wild type. When seedlings are grown vertically under dark conditions, the mutant has a normal gravitropic response. no obvious auxin-related growth phenotype, but roots show mild auxin resistance no obvious auxin-related growth phenotype, but roots show mild auxin resistance The double mutant exhibits much stronger auxin-related phenotypes than those of the single mutants. Adult double mutant plants have thin and short inflorescence stems, and their rosette leaves are small and epinastic. In addition, it has reduced numbers of inflorescence stems, suggesting enhanced apical dominance. By contrast, its flowers appear to be normal, and they fertilize normally. The double mutant mutant displays agravitropic responses in both hypocotyls and roots. When seedlings are grown vertically under dark conditions, the regulation of growth orientation is disrupted in both hypocotyls and roots, with the hypocotyls occasionally growing downward and the roots upward. Also, the roots and hypocotyls of the double mutant show reduced gravitropic curvatures compared with the wild type when vertically dark-grown seedlings are reoriented by 90°. The phenotype of the double mutant is most obvious at its seedling stage, with its most prominent phenotype being severely impaired lateral root formation. Its primary roots fail to produce lateral roots in 2-week-old seedlings. However, double mutant seedlings start to generate several lateral roots after ~2 weeks of growth, and their morphological appearance is normal. The phototropic response toward blue light in hypocotyls of double mutant seedlings is disrupted. nph4-1 arf19 double mutant; agravitropic response in both hypocotyls and roots; impaired phototropic response in hypocotyls; impaired lateral root formation; small plant size; small and epinastic rosette leaves; reduced auxin sensitivity The double mutant exhibits much stronger auxin-related phenotypes than those of the single mutants. Adult double mutant plants have thin and short inflorescence stems, and their rosette leaves are small and epinastic. In addition, it has reduced numbers of inflorescence stems, suggesting enhanced apical dominance. By contrast, its flowers appear to be normal, and they fertilize normally. The double mutant mutant displays agravitropic responses in both hypocotyls and roots. When seedlings are grown vertically under dark conditions, the regulation of growth orientation is disrupted in both hypocotyls and roots, with the hypocotyls occasionally growing downward and the roots upward. Also, the roots and hypocotyls of the double mutant show reduced gravitropic curvatures compared with the wild type when vertically dark-grown seedlings are reoriented by 90°. The phenotype of the double mutant is most obvious at its seedling stage, with its most prominent phenotype being severely impaired lateral root formation. Its primary roots fail to produce lateral roots in 2-week-old seedlings. However, double mutant seedlings start to generate several lateral roots after ~2 weeks of growth, and their morphological appearance is normal. The phototropic response toward blue light in hypocotyls of double mutant seedlings is disrupted. nph4-1 arf19 double mutant; agravitropic response in both hypocotyls and roots; impaired phototropic response in hypocotyls; impaired lateral root formation; small plant size; small and epinastic rosette leaves; reduced auxin sensitivity The double mutant exhibits much stronger auxin-related phenotypes than those of the single mutants. Adult double mutant plants have thin and short inflorescence stems, and their rosette leaves are small and epinastic. In addition, it has reduced numbers of inflorescence stems, suggesting enhanced apical dominance. By contrast, its flowers appear to be normal, and they fertilize normally. The double mutant mutant displays agravitropic responses in both hypocotyls and roots. When seedlings are grown vertically under dark conditions, the regulation of growth orientation is disrupted in both hypocotyls and roots, with the hypocotyls occasionally growing downward and the roots upward. Also, the roots and hypocotyls of the double mutant show reduced gravitropic curvatures compared with the wild type when vertically dark-grown seedlings are reoriented by 90°. The phenotype of the double mutant is most obvious at its seedling stage, with its most prominent phenotype being severely impaired lateral root formation. Its primary roots fail to produce lateral roots in 2-week-old seedlings. However, double mutant seedlings start to generate several lateral roots after ~2 weeks of growth, and their morphological appearance is normal. The phototropic response toward blue light in hypocotyls of double mutant seedlings is disrupted. msg1-2 arf19 double mutant; agravitropic response in both hypocotyls and roots; impaired phototropic response in hypocotyls; impaired lateral root formation; small plant size; small and epinastic rosette leaves; reduced auxin sensitivity The double mutant exhibits much stronger auxin-related phenotypes than those of the single mutants. Adult double mutant plants have thin and short inflorescence stems, and their rosette leaves are small and epinastic. In addition, it has reduced numbers of inflorescence stems, suggesting enhanced apical dominance. By contrast, its flowers appear to be normal, and they fertilize normally. The double mutant mutant displays agravitropic responses in both hypocotyls and roots. When seedlings are grown vertically under dark conditions, the regulation of growth orientation is disrupted in both hypocotyls and roots, with the hypocotyls occasionally growing downward and the roots upward. Also, the roots and hypocotyls of the double mutant show reduced gravitropic curvatures compared with the wild type when vertically dark-grown seedlings are reoriented by 90°. The phenotype of the double mutant is most obvious at its seedling stage, with its most prominent phenotype being severely impaired lateral root formation. Its primary roots fail to produce lateral roots in 2-week-old seedlings. However, double mutant seedlings start to generate several lateral roots after ~2 weeks of growth, and their morphological appearance is normal. The phototropic response toward blue light in hypocotyls of double mutant seedlings is disrupted. msg1-2 arf19 double mutant; agravitropic response in both hypocotyls and roots; impaired phototropic response in hypocotyls; impaired lateral root formation; small plant size; small and epinastic rosette leaves; reduced auxin sensitivity The double mutant exhibits much stronger auxin-related phenotypes than those of the single mutants. Adult double mutant plants have thin and short inflorescence stems, and their rosette leaves are small and epinastic. In addition, it has reduced numbers of inflorescence stems, suggesting enhanced apical dominance. By contrast, its flowers appear to be normal, and they fertilize normally. The double mutant mutant displays agravitropic responses in both hypocotyls and roots. When seedlings are grown vertically under dark conditions, the regulation of growth orientation is disrupted in both hypocotyls and roots, with the hypocotyls occasionally growing downward and the roots upward. Also, the roots and hypocotyls of the double mutant show reduced gravitropic curvatures compared with the wild type when vertically dark-grown seedlings are reoriented by 90°. The phenotype of the double mutant is most obvious at its seedling stage, with its most prominent phenotype being severely impaired lateral root formation. Its primary roots fail to produce lateral roots in 2-week-old seedlings. However, double mutant seedlings start to generate several lateral roots after ~2 weeks of growth, and their morphological appearance is normal. The phototropic response toward blue light in hypocotyls of double mutant seedlings is disrupted. arf7-1 arf19 double mutant; agravitropic response in both hypocotyls and roots; impaired phototropic response in hypocotyls; impaired lateral root formation; small plant size; small and epinastic rosette leaves; reduced auxin sensitivity The double mutant exhibits much stronger auxin-related phenotypes than those of the single mutants. Adult double mutant plants have thin and short inflorescence stems, and their rosette leaves are small and epinastic. In addition, it has reduced numbers of inflorescence stems, suggesting enhanced apical dominance. By contrast, its flowers appear to be normal, and they fertilize normally. The double mutant mutant displays agravitropic responses in both hypocotyls and roots. When seedlings are grown vertically under dark conditions, the regulation of growth orientation is disrupted in both hypocotyls and roots, with the hypocotyls occasionally growing downward and the roots upward. Also, the roots and hypocotyls of the double mutant show reduced gravitropic curvatures compared with the wild type when vertically dark-grown seedlings are reoriented by 90°. The phenotype of the double mutant is most obvious at its seedling stage, with its most prominent phenotype being severely impaired lateral root formation. Its primary roots fail to produce lateral roots in 2-week-old seedlings. However, double mutant seedlings start to generate several lateral roots after ~2 weeks of growth, and their morphological appearance is normal. The phototropic response toward blue light in hypocotyls of double mutant seedlings is disrupted. arf7-1 arf19 double mutant; agravitropic response in both hypocotyls and roots; impaired phototropic response in hypocotyls; impaired lateral root formation; small plant size; small and epinastic rosette leaves; reduced auxin sensitivity Long hypocotyl and elongated primary roots when germinated and grown on MS with sirtinol in darkness. Auxin resistant in both light and dark. Roots are less sensitive to the ethylene precursor ACC than wt roots. Dark grown seedlings on sirtinol have both long primary roots and long hypocotyls. More resistant to 2,4-D and IAA than single mutants in both light and dark. The ethylene resistant root phenotype of arf19-101 is enhanced by arf7-201. | |||
| BGIOSGA024709, Ensembl plants | B8B7V5 | Os07t0183100-00 | N/A | A0A0P0X2W6 | FUNCTION: Auxin response factors (ARFs) are transcriptional factors that bind specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-TGTCTC-3' found in the auxin-responsive promoter elements (AuxREs). {ECO:0000256|RuleBase:RU004561}. | Other GO:0009734 - auxin mediated signaling pathway, GO:0006355 - regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent, GO:0005634 - nucleus, GO:0006350 - transcription, GO:0003677 - DNA binding | AT5G62000.1 | Encodes an auxin response factor. Mutants have many defects including enlarged rosette leaves, reduced fertility, later senescence, hypocotyl elongation defects, enlarged seeds and enlarged cotyledons. May not mediate auxin effects. Increase in seed size due to increased cell proliferation. The mRNA is cell-to-cell mobile. | Elongated hypocotyl, dark green leaves, long and thick inflorescence stems, delayed senescence, elongated gynoecium and sepals, reduced fertility, defective anthesis, delayed abscission, larger seeds. pleiotropic phenotype: large leaves; long, thick and wavy inflorescence stem; abnormal flower morphology; delayed flowering; delayed senescence. pleiotropic phenotype: large leaves; long, thick and wavy inflorescence stem; abnormal flower morphology; delayed flowering; delayed senescence. Elongated hypocotyl, dark green leaves, long and thick inflorescence stems, delayed senescence, elongated gynoecium and sepals, reduced fertility, defective anthesis, delayed abscission, larger seeds. pleiotropic phenotype: large leaves; long, thick and wavy inflorescence stem; abnormal flower morphology; delayed flowering; delayed senescence. arf1-3 arf2-6 double mutant; similar but much stronger phenotype than arf2 single mutants; homozygous double mutant is sterile; large leaves; long, thick and wavy inflorescence stem; abnormal flower morpholoy; delayed flowering; delayed senescence. Delayed flowering, delayed senescence, delayed fruit dehiscence, reduced fertility, short stamens, elongated carpels. Increased seed size due to proliferation of cell division in inner and outer integuments. Pleiotropic effects include thick twisted stems, late flowering, and reduced fertility. |
| BGIOSGA026655, Ensembl plants | B8B8U2 | Os08t0520550-01 | N/A | A0A0P0XIX0 | FUNCTION: Auxin response factors (ARFs) are transcriptional factors that bind specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-TGTCTC-3' found in the auxin-responsive promoter elements (AuxREs). {ECO:0000256|RuleBase:RU004561}. | N/A | AT1G19220.1 | Encodes an auxin response factor that contains the conserved VP1-B3 DNA-binding domain at its N-terminus and the Aux/IAA-like domains III and IV present in most ARFs at its C-terminus. The protein interacts with IAA1 (yeast two hybrid) and other auxin response elements such as ER7 and ER9 (yeast one hybrid). ARF19 protein can complement many aspects of the arf7 mutant phenotype and , together with ARF7, is involved in the response to ethylene. In the arf7 arf19 double mutant, several auxin-responsive genes (e.g. IAA5, LBD16, LBD29 and LBD33) are no longer upregulated by auxin. | The primary roots of the mutant produce as many lateral roots as the wild type. When seedlings are grown vertically under dark conditions, the mutant has a normal gravitropic response. no obvious auxin-related growth phenotype, but roots show mild auxin resistance no obvious auxin-related growth phenotype, but roots show mild auxin resistance The double mutant exhibits much stronger auxin-related phenotypes than those of the single mutants. Adult double mutant plants have thin and short inflorescence stems, and their rosette leaves are small and epinastic. In addition, it has reduced numbers of inflorescence stems, suggesting enhanced apical dominance. By contrast, its flowers appear to be normal, and they fertilize normally. The double mutant mutant displays agravitropic responses in both hypocotyls and roots. When seedlings are grown vertically under dark conditions, the regulation of growth orientation is disrupted in both hypocotyls and roots, with the hypocotyls occasionally growing downward and the roots upward. Also, the roots and hypocotyls of the double mutant show reduced gravitropic curvatures compared with the wild type when vertically dark-grown seedlings are reoriented by 90°. The phenotype of the double mutant is most obvious at its seedling stage, with its most prominent phenotype being severely impaired lateral root formation. Its primary roots fail to produce lateral roots in 2-week-old seedlings. However, double mutant seedlings start to generate several lateral roots after ~2 weeks of growth, and their morphological appearance is normal. The phototropic response toward blue light in hypocotyls of double mutant seedlings is disrupted. nph4-1 arf19 double mutant; agravitropic response in both hypocotyls and roots; impaired phototropic response in hypocotyls; impaired lateral root formation; small plant size; small and epinastic rosette leaves; reduced auxin sensitivity The double mutant exhibits much stronger auxin-related phenotypes than those of the single mutants. Adult double mutant plants have thin and short inflorescence stems, and their rosette leaves are small and epinastic. In addition, it has reduced numbers of inflorescence stems, suggesting enhanced apical dominance. By contrast, its flowers appear to be normal, and they fertilize normally. The double mutant mutant displays agravitropic responses in both hypocotyls and roots. When seedlings are grown vertically under dark conditions, the regulation of growth orientation is disrupted in both hypocotyls and roots, with the hypocotyls occasionally growing downward and the roots upward. Also, the roots and hypocotyls of the double mutant show reduced gravitropic curvatures compared with the wild type when vertically dark-grown seedlings are reoriented by 90°. The phenotype of the double mutant is most obvious at its seedling stage, with its most prominent phenotype being severely impaired lateral root formation. Its primary roots fail to produce lateral roots in 2-week-old seedlings. However, double mutant seedlings start to generate several lateral roots after ~2 weeks of growth, and their morphological appearance is normal. The phototropic response toward blue light in hypocotyls of double mutant seedlings is disrupted. nph4-1 arf19 double mutant; agravitropic response in both hypocotyls and roots; impaired phototropic response in hypocotyls; impaired lateral root formation; small plant size; small and epinastic rosette leaves; reduced auxin sensitivity The double mutant exhibits much stronger auxin-related phenotypes than those of the single mutants. Adult double mutant plants have thin and short inflorescence stems, and their rosette leaves are small and epinastic. In addition, it has reduced numbers of inflorescence stems, suggesting enhanced apical dominance. By contrast, its flowers appear to be normal, and they fertilize normally. The double mutant mutant displays agravitropic responses in both hypocotyls and roots. When seedlings are grown vertically under dark conditions, the regulation of growth orientation is disrupted in both hypocotyls and roots, with the hypocotyls occasionally growing downward and the roots upward. Also, the roots and hypocotyls of the double mutant show reduced gravitropic curvatures compared with the wild type when vertically dark-grown seedlings are reoriented by 90°. The phenotype of the double mutant is most obvious at its seedling stage, with its most prominent phenotype being severely impaired lateral root formation. Its primary roots fail to produce lateral roots in 2-week-old seedlings. However, double mutant seedlings start to generate several lateral roots after ~2 weeks of growth, and their morphological appearance is normal. The phototropic response toward blue light in hypocotyls of double mutant seedlings is disrupted. msg1-2 arf19 double mutant; agravitropic response in both hypocotyls and roots; impaired phototropic response in hypocotyls; impaired lateral root formation; small plant size; small and epinastic rosette leaves; reduced auxin sensitivity The double mutant exhibits much stronger auxin-related phenotypes than those of the single mutants. Adult double mutant plants have thin and short inflorescence stems, and their rosette leaves are small and epinastic. In addition, it has reduced numbers of inflorescence stems, suggesting enhanced apical dominance. By contrast, its flowers appear to be normal, and they fertilize normally. The double mutant mutant displays agravitropic responses in both hypocotyls and roots. When seedlings are grown vertically under dark conditions, the regulation of growth orientation is disrupted in both hypocotyls and roots, with the hypocotyls occasionally growing downward and the roots upward. Also, the roots and hypocotyls of the double mutant show reduced gravitropic curvatures compared with the wild type when vertically dark-grown seedlings are reoriented by 90°. The phenotype of the double mutant is most obvious at its seedling stage, with its most prominent phenotype being severely impaired lateral root formation. Its primary roots fail to produce lateral roots in 2-week-old seedlings. However, double mutant seedlings start to generate several lateral roots after ~2 weeks of growth, and their morphological appearance is normal. The phototropic response toward blue light in hypocotyls of double mutant seedlings is disrupted. msg1-2 arf19 double mutant; agravitropic response in both hypocotyls and roots; impaired phototropic response in hypocotyls; impaired lateral root formation; small plant size; small and epinastic rosette leaves; reduced auxin sensitivity The double mutant exhibits much stronger auxin-related phenotypes than those of the single mutants. Adult double mutant plants have thin and short inflorescence stems, and their rosette leaves are small and epinastic. In addition, it has reduced numbers of inflorescence stems, suggesting enhanced apical dominance. By contrast, its flowers appear to be normal, and they fertilize normally. The double mutant mutant displays agravitropic responses in both hypocotyls and roots. When seedlings are grown vertically under dark conditions, the regulation of growth orientation is disrupted in both hypocotyls and roots, with the hypocotyls occasionally growing downward and the roots upward. Also, the roots and hypocotyls of the double mutant show reduced gravitropic curvatures compared with the wild type when vertically dark-grown seedlings are reoriented by 90°. The phenotype of the double mutant is most obvious at its seedling stage, with its most prominent phenotype being severely impaired lateral root formation. Its primary roots fail to produce lateral roots in 2-week-old seedlings. However, double mutant seedlings start to generate several lateral roots after ~2 weeks of growth, and their morphological appearance is normal. The phototropic response toward blue light in hypocotyls of double mutant seedlings is disrupted. arf7-1 arf19 double mutant; agravitropic response in both hypocotyls and roots; impaired phototropic response in hypocotyls; impaired lateral root formation; small plant size; small and epinastic rosette leaves; reduced auxin sensitivity The double mutant exhibits much stronger auxin-related phenotypes than those of the single mutants. Adult double mutant plants have thin and short inflorescence stems, and their rosette leaves are small and epinastic. In addition, it has reduced numbers of inflorescence stems, suggesting enhanced apical dominance. By contrast, its flowers appear to be normal, and they fertilize normally. The double mutant mutant displays agravitropic responses in both hypocotyls and roots. When seedlings are grown vertically under dark conditions, the regulation of growth orientation is disrupted in both hypocotyls and roots, with the hypocotyls occasionally growing downward and the roots upward. Also, the roots and hypocotyls of the double mutant show reduced gravitropic curvatures compared with the wild type when vertically dark-grown seedlings are reoriented by 90°. The phenotype of the double mutant is most obvious at its seedling stage, with its most prominent phenotype being severely impaired lateral root formation. Its primary roots fail to produce lateral roots in 2-week-old seedlings. However, double mutant seedlings start to generate several lateral roots after ~2 weeks of growth, and their morphological appearance is normal. The phototropic response toward blue light in hypocotyls of double mutant seedlings is disrupted. arf7-1 arf19 double mutant; agravitropic response in both hypocotyls and roots; impaired phototropic response in hypocotyls; impaired lateral root formation; small plant size; small and epinastic rosette leaves; reduced auxin sensitivity Long hypocotyl and elongated primary roots when germinated and grown on MS with sirtinol in darkness. Auxin resistant in both light and dark. Roots are less sensitive to the ethylene precursor ACC than wt roots. Dark grown seedlings on sirtinol have both long primary roots and long hypocotyls. More resistant to 2,4-D and IAA than single mutants in both light and dark. The ethylene resistant root phenotype of arf19-101 is enhanced by arf7-201. |
| BGIOSGA033142, Ensembl plants | B8BHI0 | Os10t0479900-01 | N/A | Q9AV47 | FUNCTION: Auxin response factors (ARFs) are transcriptional factors that bind specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-TGTCTC-3' found in the auxin-responsive promoter elements (AuxREs). | Other GO:0005634 - nucleus, GO:0003677 - DNA binding, GO:0031540 - regulation of anthocyanin biosynthetic process, GO:0048366 - leaf development, GO:0009743 - response to carbohydrate stimulus, GO:0007389 - pattern specification process, GO:0009734 - auxin mediated signaling pathway, GO:0048589 - developmental growth, GO:0051301 - cell division, GO:0048441 - petal development, GO:0048442 - sepal development, GO:0009738 - abscisic acid mediated signaling, GO:0010154 - fruit development, GO:0006355 - regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent, GO:0006350 - transcription, GO:0048829 - root cap development | AT4G30080.1 | Involved in root cap cell differentiation. Gene expression is regulated by mir160.Located in the nucleus. | no obvious auxin-related growth phenotype |
| BGIOSGA033901, Ensembl plants | A2ZET6 | N/A | N/A | AT5G62000.1 | Encodes an auxin response factor. Mutants have many defects including enlarged rosette leaves, reduced fertility, later senescence, hypocotyl elongation defects, enlarged seeds and enlarged cotyledons. May not mediate auxin effects. Increase in seed size due to increased cell proliferation. The mRNA is cell-to-cell mobile. | Elongated hypocotyl, dark green leaves, long and thick inflorescence stems, delayed senescence, elongated gynoecium and sepals, reduced fertility, defective anthesis, delayed abscission, larger seeds. pleiotropic phenotype: large leaves; long, thick and wavy inflorescence stem; abnormal flower morphology; delayed flowering; delayed senescence. pleiotropic phenotype: large leaves; long, thick and wavy inflorescence stem; abnormal flower morphology; delayed flowering; delayed senescence. Elongated hypocotyl, dark green leaves, long and thick inflorescence stems, delayed senescence, elongated gynoecium and sepals, reduced fertility, defective anthesis, delayed abscission, larger seeds. pleiotropic phenotype: large leaves; long, thick and wavy inflorescence stem; abnormal flower morphology; delayed flowering; delayed senescence. arf1-3 arf2-6 double mutant; similar but much stronger phenotype than arf2 single mutants; homozygous double mutant is sterile; large leaves; long, thick and wavy inflorescence stem; abnormal flower morpholoy; delayed flowering; delayed senescence. Delayed flowering, delayed senescence, delayed fruit dehiscence, reduced fertility, short stamens, elongated carpels. Increased seed size due to proliferation of cell division in inner and outer integuments. Pleiotropic effects include thick twisted stems, late flowering, and reduced fertility. | |||
| BGIOSGA036199, Ensembl plants | B8BPM5 | Os12t0479400-02 | N/A | Vegetative organ - Root, Tolerance and resistance - Stress tolerance, Other GO:0010150 - leaf senescence, GO:0003677 - DNA binding, GO:0009414 - response to water deprivation, GO:0009734 - auxin mediated signaling pathway, GO:0008285 - negative regulation of cell proliferation, GO:0006355 - regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent, GO:0005634 - nucleus, GO:0009911 - positive regulation of flower development, GO:0010047 - fruit dehiscence, GO:0006350 - transcription, GO:0048481 - ovule development, GO:0010227 - floral organ abscission TO:0000276 - drought tolerance, TO:0000043 - root anatomy and morphology trait | AT5G62000.1 | Encodes an auxin response factor. Mutants have many defects including enlarged rosette leaves, reduced fertility, later senescence, hypocotyl elongation defects, enlarged seeds and enlarged cotyledons. May not mediate auxin effects. Increase in seed size due to increased cell proliferation. The mRNA is cell-to-cell mobile. | Elongated hypocotyl, dark green leaves, long and thick inflorescence stems, delayed senescence, elongated gynoecium and sepals, reduced fertility, defective anthesis, delayed abscission, larger seeds. pleiotropic phenotype: large leaves; long, thick and wavy inflorescence stem; abnormal flower morphology; delayed flowering; delayed senescence. pleiotropic phenotype: large leaves; long, thick and wavy inflorescence stem; abnormal flower morphology; delayed flowering; delayed senescence. Elongated hypocotyl, dark green leaves, long and thick inflorescence stems, delayed senescence, elongated gynoecium and sepals, reduced fertility, defective anthesis, delayed abscission, larger seeds. pleiotropic phenotype: large leaves; long, thick and wavy inflorescence stem; abnormal flower morphology; delayed flowering; delayed senescence. arf1-3 arf2-6 double mutant; similar but much stronger phenotype than arf2 single mutants; homozygous double mutant is sterile; large leaves; long, thick and wavy inflorescence stem; abnormal flower morpholoy; delayed flowering; delayed senescence. Delayed flowering, delayed senescence, delayed fruit dehiscence, reduced fertility, short stamens, elongated carpels. Increased seed size due to proliferation of cell division in inner and outer integuments. Pleiotropic effects include thick twisted stems, late flowering, and reduced fertility. | ||
| BGIOSGA035840, Ensembl plants | A2ZMP7 | Os12t0613700-01 | N/A | Q2QM84 | FUNCTION: Auxin response factors (ARFs) are transcriptional factors that bind specifically to the DNA sequence 5'-TGTCTC-3' found in the auxin-responsive promoter elements (AuxREs). | Tolerance and resistance - Stress tolerance, Other GO:0003677 - DNA binding, GO:0005634 - nucleus, GO:0006350 - transcription, GO:0006355 - regulation of transcription, DNA-dependent, GO:0009651 - response to salt stress, GO:0009734 - auxin mediated signaling pathway, GO:0009908 - flower development TO:0000401 - plant growth hormone sensitivity, TO:0006001 - salt tolerance | AT5G37020.1 | Encodes a member of the auxin response factor family. Mediates auxin response via expression of auxin regulated genes. Acts redundantly with ARF6 to control stamen elongation and flower maturation. Expression of ARF8 is controlled by miR167. | no obvious auxin-related growth phenotype arf6 arf8double mutant; dwarfed aerial tissue, severe flower defects in flower development; homozygous double mutant is sterile. Twisted leaves, reduced fertility, short stamens,dwarf stature, closed flower buds (no anthesis), anthers do not dehisce, short stems. Long hypocotyl Short stamens, reduced fertility. arf8-4 mutation results in the uncoupling of fruit development from pollination and fertilization and gives rise to seedless (parthenocarpic) fruit. |
Phylogenetic tree (BGI prefix is Indica, LOC is Japonica from MSU annotations)
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